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THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 

FROM 1873 TO 1893. 

BY 

DANIEL d GILMAN. 

Twenty years having elapsed since the death of the founder the following 
historical statements may be of interest to the public. 

Before speaking of the University, a few words should be devoted to the 
memory of its founder, Johns Hopkins, of Baltimore. This large-minded 
man, whose name is now renowned in the annals of American philanthropy, 
acquired his fortune by slow and sagacious methods. He was born May 19, 
1794, in Anne Arundel county, Maryland, not far from the city of Annapolis, 
of a family which for several generations had adhered to the views of the 
Society of Friends. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of the 
colony. While still a boy, Johns Hopkins came to Baltimore without any 
capital but good health, the thrifty habits in which he had been brought up, 
and unusual capacity for a life of industrious enterprise. He began on the 
lowest round of the ladder of fortune, and by his economy, fidelity, sagacity, 
and perseverance he rose to independence and influence. He was called to 
many positions of financial responsibility, among the most important being 
that of President of the Merchants' National Bank, and that of a Director 
in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. He was a man of positive 
opinions in political affairs, yet he never entered political life ; and although 
he contributed to the support of educational and benevolent societies he was 
not active in their management. In the latter part of his life, he dwelt during 
the winter in a large mansion, still standing on the north side of Saratoga 
street, west of North Charles street, and during the summer on an estate 
called Clifton, in Baltimore county. In both these places he exercised hos- 
pitality without ostentation. He bought a large library and many oil paint- 
ings which are now preserved in memorial rooms at the Johns Hopkins 
Hospital. Nevertheless, his pursuits were wholly mercantile, and his time 
and strength were chiefly devoted to the business in which he was engaged, 
— first as a wholesale grocer, and afterwards as a capitalist interested in many 
and diverse financial undertakings. More than once, in time of commercial 
panic, he lent his credit to the support of individuals and firms, with a 
liberality which entitled him to general gratitude. He died in Baltimore, 
December 24, 1873, at the age of seventy-nine years. He had never married. 

At the request of Mr. Hopkins, an incorporation was formed, August 24, 
1867, under a general statute, "for the promotion of education in the State 
of Maryland." Nearly three years later, June 13, 1870, the Trustees met 

1 




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and elected Galloway Cheston, President of the Board, and William Hop- 
kins, Secretary. On the death of the founder, it appeared that after pro- 
viding for his near of kin, he had bequeathed the principal part of his 
estate to the two institutions that bear his name, the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity and the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Each of them received an en- 
dowment estimated in round numbers at three and a half million dollars. 
The gift to the University included his estate of Clifton ( three hundred and 
thirty acres of land), fifteen thousand shares of the common stock of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, of which the par value was one million five 
hundred thousand dollars, and other securities which were valued at seven 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

The Trustees met again February 6 ; 1874, and proceeded to the organiza- 
tion of the work entrusted to them. They collected a small but excellent 
library illustrating the history of the universities of this and of other lands ; 
they visited in a body Cambridge, New Haven, Ithaca, Ann Arbor, Phila- 
delphia, Charlottesville, and other seats of learning ; they were favored with 
innumerable suggestions and recommendations from those who knew much 
about education, and from those who knew little. They invited several 
scholars of distinction to give them their counsel, among them three presi- 
dents of universities, Eliot of Harvard, White of Cornell, and Angell of 
Michigan, who answered in the frankest manner the searching questions 
which were put to them by a sagacious committee. 

The original incorporators were these : 

George W. Dobbin, Thomas M. Smith, 

George M. Gill, William Hopkins, 

Andrew Sterrett Ridgely, Lewis N. Hopkins, 

Thomas Donaldson, John W. Garrett, 

James A. L. McClure, Alan P. Smith, 

Charles J. M. Gwinn, John Fonerden. 

They elected the following Board of Trustees who had been selected by 
the founder : 

Elected. Retired. Elected. Retired. 

1867. ..George William Brown *1890 1867. ..Lewis N. Hopkins 

1867. ..Galloway Cheston *1881 1867... Willi am Hopkins *1881 

1867. .. George W. Dobbin *1891 1867...Reverdy Johnson, Jr 1880 

1867. ..John Fonerden *1870 1867. ..Francis T. King *1891 

1867. .. John W. Garrett *1884 1867. ..Thomas M. Smith *1877 

1867... Charles J. M. Gwinn 1867. ..Francis White 

As vacancies have arisen the following persons have become Trustees, by 
co-optation : 

Elected. Elected. 

1870... James Carey Thomas. 1886... Robert Garrett. 

1878. ..C. Morton Stewart. 1891. ..James L. McLane. 

1881. ..Joseph P. Elliott. 1892. ..W. Graham Bowdoin. 

1881... J. Hall Pleasants. 1892... Willi am T. Dixon. 
1881. ..Alan P. Smith. 



* Deceased. 



,;0> 



3 



On the thirtieth day of December, 1874, the Trustees elected Daniel C. 
Gilman, at that time President of the University of California, and formerly 
a Professor in Yale College, to be President of the Johns Hopkins University, 
and he entered upon the duties of this office in the following May. 

In the summer of 1875, at the request of the Trustees, he went to Europe 
and conferred with many leaders of university education in Great Britain 
and on the continent. At the same time he visited many of the most im- 
portant seats of learning. During the following winter the plans of the 
University were formulated and were made public in an inaugural address 
by the President of the University, which was delivered on the twenty- 
second of February, 1876, in the Academy of Music. 

In this address the aims of the University were thus denned : "An enduring 
foundation ; a slow development ; first local, then regional, then national 
influence ; the most liberal promotion of all useful knowledge ; the special 
provision of such departments as are elsewhere neglected in the country ; 
a f ">rous affiliation with all other institutions, avoiding interferences, and 
en t , c ng in no rivalry ; the encouragement of research ; the promotion of 
young men, and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their ex- 
cellence will advance the sciences they pursue, and the society where they 
dwell." 

The agencies to be employed were enumerated in these words : "A large 
staff of teachers ; abundance of instruments, apparatus, diagrams, books, and 
other means of research and instruction ; good laboratories, with all the requi- 
site facilities ; accessory influences, coming both from Baltimore and Wash- 
ington ; funds so unrestricted, charter so free, schemes so elastic, that, as the 
world goes forward, our plans will be adjusted to its new requirements." 

These aims and these agencies suggested the following method of procedure : 
"Liberal advanced instruction for those who want it; distinctive honors for 
those who win them ; appointed courses for those who need them ; special 
courses for those who can take no other ; a combination of lectures, reci- 
tations, laboratory practice, field work and private instruction ; the largest 
discretion allowed to the Faculty consistent with the purposes in view ; and, 
finally, an appeal to the community to increase our means, to strengthen 
our hands, to supplement our deficiencies, and especially to surround our 
scholars with those social, domestic and religious influences which a cor- 
poration can at best imperfectly provide, but which may be abundantly en- 
joyed in the homes, the churches, and the private associations of an enlight- 
ened Christian city." 

In accordance with these plans, the university was opened for students 
in October, 1876, in buildings provided at the corner of Howard and Little 
Ross streets. An opening address, having special relations to the antici- 
pated school of medicine, in which the Hospital and the University were to 
be united, was delivered by Professor Huxley, of London. 

One of the earliest duties which devolved upon the President and Trustees, 
after deciding upon the general scope of the University, was to select a staff 



/?£ 



of teachers by whose assistance and counsel the details of the plan should be 
worked out. It would hardly be right in this place to recall the distinctive 
merits of the able and learned scholars who have formed the academic staff 
during the first seventeen years, but perhaps the writer may be allowed to 
pay in passing a tribute of gratitude and respect to those who entered the 
service of the University at its beginning. To their suggestions, their en- 
thusiasm, their learning, and above all their freedom from selfish aims and 
from petty jealousies, must be attributed in a great degree the early dis- 
tinction of this institution. They came from widely distant places ; they 
had been trained by widely different methods ; they had widely different 
intellectual aptitudes ; but their diversities were unified by their devotion 
to the university in which they were enlisted, and by their desire to promote 
its excellence. This spirit has continued till the present time, and has 
descended to those who have from time to time joined the ranks, so that it 
may be emphatically said that the union of the Faculty has been the key 
to its influence. 

The first requisite of success in any institution is a body of professors, 
each of whom gives freely the best of which he is capable. The best varies 
with the individual ; one may be an admirable lecturer or teacher ; another 
a profound thinker; a third a keen investigator; another a skilful experi- 
menter ; the next a man of great acquisitions ; one may excel by his industry, 
another by his enthusiasm, another by his learning, another by his genius ; 
but every member of a faculty should be distinguished by some uncommon 
attainments and by some special aptitudes, while the faculty as a whole 
should be united and cooperative. Each professor, according to his sub- 
ject and his talents, should have his own best mode of working, adjusted 
to and controlled by the exigencies of the institution with which he 
is associated. 

In the selection of the faculty, the authorities endeavored to consider 
especially the devotion of the candidate to some particular line of study and 
the certainty of his eminence in that specialty ; power to pursue independent 
and original investigation and to inspire the young with enthusiasm for 
study and research ; willingness to cooperate in building up a new institu- 
tion; and freedom from tendencies toward ecclesiastical or sectional con- 
troversies. They announced that they would not be governed by denomi- 
national or geographical considerations in the appointment of any teacher ; 
but would endeavor to select the best person whose services they could secure 
in the position to be filled — irrespective of the place where he was born, or 
the college in which he was trained, or the religious body with which he 
might be enrolled. 

In addition to the qualifications above mentioned, regard has always been 
paid to those personal characteristics which cannot be rigorously defined, 
but which cannot be overlooked if the ethical as well as the intellectual 
character of a. professorial station is considered, and if the social relations 
of a teacher to his colleagues, his pupils, and their friends, are to be har- 



moniously maintained. The professor in a university teaches as much by 
his example as by his precepts. 

The names of the professors in the philosophical faculty from 1876 to 
1893 are as follows, arranged in the order of their appointment to that 
rank. Many of them were previously associate-professors, and not a few of 
them have gone forward through all the stages of advancement, fellows, 
associates, associate-professors and professors. 

Appointed. Retired. 

1874. ..Daniel C. Gilman, LL. D President 

1876. ..Basil L. Gildersleeve, LL. D... Greek 

1876. ..J. J. Sylvester, LL. D Mathematics 1883 

1876. ..Ira Remsen, Ph. D., LL. D Chemistry 

1876. ..Henry A. Rowland, Ph. D Physics 

1876. ..H. Newell Martin, Sc. D Biology 1893 

1876. ..Charles D. Morris, A. M Classics (Collegiate) *1886 

1883. ..Paul Haupt, Ph. D Semitic Languages 

1884.. .G. Stanley Hall, LL. D Psychology 1888 

1884... William H. Welch, M. D Pathology 

1884. ..Simon Newcomb, LL. D Mathematics and Astronomy 

1886. ..John H. Wright, A. M Classical Philology 1887 

1889. ..Edward H. Griffin, LL. D . . History of Philosophy 

1891... Herbert B. Adams,PIi. D., lA\,.J)..Amer. and Inst. History 

1891. .. William K. Brooks, Ph.D., ~L~L.T).. Zoology 

1891. ..Maurice Bloomfield, Ph. D Sanskrit and Comparative Philology.. 

1892. ..Thomas Craig, Ph. D Pure Mathematics 

1892. ..A. Marshall Elliott, LL. D Romance Languages 

1892. ..Harmon N. Morse, Ph. D Analytical Chemistry 

1892...Minton Warren, Ph. D Latin 

1892. ..George K. Williams, Ph. D Inorganic Geology 

1892. ..George H. Emmott, A. M Roman Law, etc 

1892. ..Henry Wood, Ph. D German 

1892. ..Fabian Franklin, Ph. D Mathematics 

1892. ..Edward Renouf, Ph. D Chemistry (Collegiate) 

1893... Willi am H. Howell, M.I>.,Ph.D..Physiology 

1893. ..James W. Bright, Ph. D English Philology 

1893. ..Wm. Hand Browne, M. D English Literature 

1893. ..Herbert E. Greene, Ph. D English (Collegiate) 

In the medical faculty, of which an account will be given on a subsequent 
page, the following professors have been appointed : 

Appointed. Retired. 

1883. ..H. Newell Martin, M. D Physiology 1893 

1883. ..Ira Remsen, M. D Chemistry. 

1884. ..William H. Welch, M. D Pathology. 

1889. ..William Osler, M. D Medicine. 

1889. ..Henry M. Hurd, M. D Psychiatry. 

1889. ..Howard A. Kelly, M. D Gynecology. 

1889. ..William S. Halsted, M. D Surgery. 

1893. ..John J. Abel, M. D Pharmacology. 

1893. ..William H. Howell, M. D Physiology. 

1893. ..Franklin P. Mall, M. D Anatomy. 

1893. ..William K. Brooks, Ph. D Zoology. 



* Deceased. 



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Originally Appointed. 

1876 William J). Whitney Comparative Philology. 

L878 William F. Allen History. 

L878 William James Psychology. 

L878 George S. Morris* , History of Philosophy. 

L879 J. Lewis Diman History. 

L879 H. Von Holst History. 

L879 William G. Farlow Botany. 

L879 J. Willard Gibbs Theoretical Mechanics. 

L879 Sidney Lanier* English Literature. 

879 Charles S. Peirce* Logic. 

880 John Trowbridge Physics. 

.A. Graham Bell Phonology. 

,S. P. Langley Physics. 

John McCrady Biology. 

James Bryce Political Science. 

Edward A. Freeman History. 

John J. Knox Banking. 

Arthur Cayley Mathematics. 

William W. Goodwin Plato. 

G. Stanley Hall* Psychology. 

882 Bichard M. Venable Constitutional Law. 

882 James A. Harrison Anglo-Saxon. 

882 J. Bendel Harris* New Testament Greek. 

883 George W. Cable English Literature. 

883 William W. Story Michel Angelo. 

883 Hiram Corson , English Literature. 

883 F. Seymour Haden Etchers and Etching. 

884 William Trelease Botany. 

884 J. Thacher Clarke Explorations in Assos. 

884 Josiah Boyce Philosophy. 

884 William J. Stillman Archeology. 

884 Charles Waldstein Archceology. 

884 Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) Molecular Dynamics. 

885 A. Melville Bell Phonetics, etc. 

885 Edmund Gosse English Literature. 

885 Eugene Schuyler U. S. Diplomacy. 

885 Justin Winsor Shakespeare. 

885 Frederick Wedmore Modern Etchings. 

886 Isaac H. Hall New Testament. 

886 William Hayes Ward Assyria. 

886 William Libbey, Jr Alaska. 

886 Alfred B. Wallace Island Life. 

886 Mandell Creighton Rise of European Universities. 

887 Arthur L. Frothingham, Jr Babylonian and Assyrian Art. 



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882. 



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.Bodolfo Lanciani Roman Archceology. 

.Andrew D. White The French Revolution. 

.Elgin B. L. Gould* Social Statistics. 

.Woodrow Wilson* Science of Administration. 

.Amos G. Warner Charities. 

.John A. Broadus Origin of Christianity. 

.Edmund C. Stedman Nature and Elements of Poetry. 

.David C. Bell Vocal Expression. 

.J. Franklin Jameson Constitutional History. 

.John A. Kasson History of Diplomacy. 

.George Lyman Kittredge The Qawain Romances. 

.Richard G. Moulton Milton's Poetic Art. 



Originally Appomted. 

1891 James Schouler* American Political History. 

1891 Caleb T. Winchester English Literature. 

1891 Carroll D. Wright Social Science. 

1892 Eichard C. Jebb Greek Poetry. 

1892 William E. Harper Old Testament Scriptures. 

1892 Eichard S. Storrs St. Bernard. 

1892 Oliver Elton English Literature. 

1892 Frederic Bancroft American Diplomatic History. 

1892 Albert Shaw .' Municipal Problems. 

1892 John Murray Voyage of the "Challenger." 

1892 Francis B. Gummere Ballad Poetry. 

1892 Henry C. Adams Finance. 

1892 John B. Clark Economics. 

1892 William T. Harris Pedagogics. 

1892 James MacAlister Pedagogics. 

1893 Eobert Y. Tyrrell Latin Poetry. 

1893 William E. Huntington Christian Life. 

From the opening of the courses a distinction has been made between 
university and collegiate methods of instruction. The terms university and 
college have been so frequently interchanged in this country that their sig- 
nificance is liable to be confounded; and it may be "worth while, once more 
at least, to call attention to the distinction which is here made. 

The college is understood to be a place for the orderly training of 
youth in those elements of learning which should underlie all liberal and 
professional culture. The ordinary conclusion of a college course is the 
Bachelors degree. Often, but not necessarily, the college provides for 
the ecclesiastical and religious as well as the intellectual training of its 
scholars. Its scheme admits but little choice. Frequent daily drill in 
languages, mathematics, and science, with compulsory attendance and 
repeated formal examinations, is the discipline to which each student is 
submitted. This work is simple, methodical, and comparatively inexpen- 
sive. It is understood and appreciated in every part of this country. 

In the university more advanced and special instruction is given to those 
who have already received a college training or its equivalent, and who now 
desire to concentrate their attention upon special departments of learning 
and research. Libraries, laboratories, and apparatus require to be liberally 
provided and maintained. The holders of professorial chairs must be ex- 
pected and encouraged to advance by positive researches the sciences to 
which they are devoted ; and arrangements must be made in some way to 
publish and bring before the criticism of the world the results of such in- 
vestigations. Primarily, instruction is the duty of the professor in a uni- 
versity as it is in a college ; but university students should be so mature and 
so well trained as to exact from their teachers the most advanced instruction, 
and even to quicken and inspire by their appreciative responses the new 
investigations which their professors undertake. Such work is costly and 
complex ; it varies with time, place, and teacher ; it is always somewhat 
remote from popular sympathy, and liable to be depreciated by the ignorant 






9 



and thoughtless. But it is by the influence of universities, with their com- 
prehensive libraries, their costly instruments, their stimulating associations 
and helpful criticisms, and especially their great professors, indifferent to 
popular applause, superior to authoritative dicta, devoted to the discovery 
and revelation of truth, that knowledge has been promoted, and society 
released from the fetters of superstition and the trammels of ignorance, ever 
since the revival of letters. 

In accordance with the plans thus formulated, the students have included 
those who have already taken an academic degree and have here en- 
gaged in advanced studies ; those who have entered as candidates for the 
Bachelor's degree; and those who have pursued special courses without 
reference to degrees. The whole number of persons enrolled in these three 
classes, from the opening of the University to the end of the seventeenth 
academic year (June, 1893), is two thousand two hundred and forty-six. 
Nine hundred and forty-seven persons have pursued undergraduate courses 
and fifteen hundred and nineteen have followed graduate studies. Many 
of those who entered as undergraduates have continued as graduates, and 
have proceeded to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. These students 
have come from nearly every State in the Union, and not a few of them 
have come from foreign lands. Many of those who received degrees before 
coming here were graduates of the principal institutions of this country. 
The degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been awarded after three years or 
more of graduate study to two hundred and seventy-seven persons, and that 
of Bachelor of Arts to three hundred and eighty-one persons at the end of 
their collegiate course. 

Only these two degrees have been offered to the students of this Uni- 
versity. Believing that the manifold forms in which the baccalaureate 
degree is conferred are confusing to the public, and that they tend to lessen 
the respect for academic titles, the authorities of the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity determined to bestow upon all those who complete their collegiate 
courses the title of Bachelor of Arts. This degree is intended to indicate 
that its possessor has received a liberal education, or in other words that he 
has completed a prolonged and systematic course of studies in which 
languages, mathematics, sciences, history, and philosophy have been in- 
cluded. The amount of time devoted to each of these various subjects varies 
according to individual needs and preference, but all the combinations are 
supposed to be equally difficult and honorable. Seven such combinations 
or groups of studies have been definitely arranged, and " the group system," 
thus introduced, combines many of the advantages of the elective system, 
with many of the advantages of a fixed curriculum. The undergraduate has 
his choice among many different lines of study, but having made this de- 
termination he is expected to follow the sequence prescribed for him by his 
teachers. He may follow the old classical course; or he may give decided 
preference to mathematics and physics ; or he may select a group of studies, 
antecedent to the studies of a medical school ; or he may pursue a scientific 



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11 



nate subjects. If these tests are successfully passed, there is a final oral 
examination in the presence of the Board." 

As an indication of the possible combinations which may be made by 
those who are studying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the follow- 
ing schedule is presented : 

Physics, Mathematics, and Chemistry ; 

Animal Physiology, Animal Morphology, and Chemistry ; 

Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology; 

Mathematics, Astronomy, and Physics; 

Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin ; 

History, Political Economy, and International Law ; 

Greek, Sanskrit, and Latin ; 

French, Italian, and German ; 

Latin, Sanskrit, and Roman Law ; 

Latin, Sanskrit, and German ; 

Assyriology, Ethiopic and Arabic, and Greek; 

Political Economy, History, and Administration ; 

English, German, and Old Norse; 

Inorganic Geology and Petrography, Mineralogy, and Chemistry ; 

Geology, Chemistry, and Physics; 

Romance Languages, German, and English ; 

Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit ; 

German, English, and Sanskrit. 

Arrangements have recently been made for courses of instruction leading 
up to the degree of Doctor of Medicine, which will hereafter be conferred. 

While students are encouraged to proceed to academic degrees, the 
authorities have always borne in mind the needs of those who could not, 
for one reason or another, remain in the university for more than a year 
or two, and who might wish to prosecute their studies in a particular direc- 
tion without any reference to academic honors. Such students have always 
been welcome, especially those who have been mature enough to know 
their own requirements and to follow their chosen courses without the 
incentive of examinations and diplomas. 

Much encouragement has been given to the publication of scientific 
journals and monographs. Six serials devoted to Mathematics, Chemistry, 
Philology, Biology, History, Assyriology have been published for several 
years with the financial support of the Trustees. A journal entitled 
Modern Language Notes has been maintained by the professors in that 
department of instruction. A monthly meteorological Eeport and a weekly 
crop Bulletin are published under the joint auspices of the State, the 
U. S. Weather Bureau, the University, and the Maryland Agricultural Col- 
lege. More than one hundred theses of those scholars who have graduated 
as Doctors of Philosophy have been printed. Occasional financial support 
has been given to other publications, among them the successive maps of 
the vicinity of Baltimore and of the geological structure of Maryland by 
Professors Williams and Clark ; the repeated studies of the Oyster by Pro- 
fessor Brooks ; the elaborate memoir on Salpa and other monographs by 
the same investigator; the maps of the Solar Spectrum by Professor Row- 
land, and his original investigation of the mechanical equivalent of heat; 
studies in logic by Mr. Charles S. Peirce and his scholars; essays in litera- 
ture and philology by Professor Gildersleeve ; an edition (facsimile) of the 



12 



Teaching of the Apostles and a study of Xew Testament Autographs by 
Professor Harris; the Embryology of Insects and Arachnids by A. T. 
Bruce ; a Chalda?an flood tablet, reconstructed and reproduced in facsimile 
by Professor Haupt ; and a critical edition of the Hebrew Text of the Old 
Testament, also by Professor Haupt. 

From the Johns Hopkins Hospital monthly Bulletins and occasional 
Reports are also issued. 

Bibliographical summaries have been published exhibiting the writings 
of members of this university in Philology, Chemistry, Mineralogy and 
Geology. 

Another form of intellectual activity is shown in the seminaries and scien- 
tific associations which have more or less of an official character. In the 
seminary, the professor engages with a small company of advanced students, 
in some line of investigation— the results of which, if found important, are 
often published. The relations of the head of a seminary to those whom he 
admits to this advanced work, are very close. The younger men have an 
opportunity of seeing the methods by which older men work. The sources 
of knowledge, the so-called authorities, are constantly examined. The drift 
of modern discussions is followed. Investigations, sometimes of a very 
special character, are carefully prosecuted. All this is done upon a plan, 
and with the incessant supervision of the director, upon whose learning, en- 
thusiasm, and suggestiveness, the success of the seminary depends. Each 
such seminary among us has its own collection of books. 

The associations or societies serve a different purpose. They bring together 
larger companies of professors and graduate students, who hear and discuss 
such papers as the members may present. These papers are not connected 
by one thread like those which come before the seminaries. They are 
usually of more general interest, and they often present the results of long 
continued thought and investigation. 

The site selected when the University was opened in the heart of Balti- 
more, near the corner of Howard and Monument streets, has proved so con- 
venient, that from time to time additional property in that neighborhood 
has been secured and the buildings thus purchased have either been modified 
so as to meet the academic needs, or have given place to new and commodious 
edifices. 

The principal buildings are these : 

(1). A central administration building, in which are the class-rooms for 
classical and oriental studies. 

(2). A library building, in which are also rooms devoted especially to 
history and political science. 

(3). A chemical laboratory, well equipped for the service of about one 
hundred and fifty workers. 

(4) . A biological laboratory, with excellent arrangements for physiological 
and morphological investigations. 



13 



(5). A physical laboratory — the latest and best of the laboratories — with 
excellent accommodations for physical research and instruction. 

(6). A gymnasium for bodily exercise. 

(7). Two dwelling houses, appropriated to the collections in mineralogy 
and geology until a suitable museum and laboratory can be constructed. 

(8). Levering Hall, constructed for the uses of the Young Men's Christian 
Association, and containing a large hall which may be used for general 
purposes. 

(9). Smaller buildings used for the smaller classes. 

(10). An official residence of the President, which came to the University 
as a part of the bequest of the late John W. McCoy. 

(11). McCoy Hall, now approaching completion. 

The library of the university numbers nearly 62,000 well selected volumes, 
— including " the McCoy library " not yet incorporated with the other books, 
and numbering 8,000 volumes. Not far from 1,000 periodicals are received 
from every part of the civilized world. Quite near to the University is the 
Library of the Peabody Institute, a large, well-chosen, well-arranged, and 
well-catalogued collection. It numbers more than one hundred and twenty 
thousand volumes. 

The university has extensive collections of minerals and fossils, a select 
zoological and botanical museum, a valuable collection of ancient coins, a 
remarkable collection of Egyptian antiquities (formed by Col. Mendes I. 
Cohen, of Baltimore), a bureau of maps and charts, a number of noteworthy 
autographs and literary manuscripts of modern date, and a large amount of 
the latest and best scientific apparatus — astronomical, physical, chemical, 
biological, pathological, and petrographical. 

Medical science and medical education have been regarded as among the 
principal subjects to be considered by this University. This purpose was 
indicated by Johns Hopkins in the letter addressed by him to the Hospital 
Trustees, March 10, 1873, where he said to them: — "In all your arrange- 
ments in relation to this hospital, you will bear constantly in mind that it 
is my wish and purpose that the institution shall ultimately form a part of 
the Medical School of that University, for which I have made ample pro- 
vision by my will." Accordingly, when the University was opened, ample 
provision was made for instruction in those studies which lead up naturally 
to the professional study of medicine. In addition to the courses in physics 
and chemistry, provision was made at that time for the study of biology, and 
a biological laboratory — the first of its kind in this country — was opened 
under the direction of well qualified instructors in comparative physiology 
and anatomy. But unforeseen delays in the completion of the hospital, and 
other considerations which need not be mentioned here, compelled a post- 
ponement of professional courses in the medical sciences, with the important 
exception of pathology. A professorship in this science was instituted in 
1884, and was filled by the appointment of Dr. William H. Welch, and a 
pathological laboratory was opened, where facilities were afforded for the 



14 



study of bacteriology. Many graduates in medicine availed themselves of 
these opportunities. Meanwhile much attention had been directed to the 
importance of medical education for women, and efforts had been made by 
committees of ladies in Baltimore and other cities to secure for this purpose 
an adequate endowment, to be connected with the foundations of Johns 
Hopkins. As the result of this movement, the Trustees :. zzepted a gift from 
the co mm ittee of ladies, a sum which, with its accrued interest, amounted 
to $119,000, toward the endowment of a medical school to which "women 
should be admitted upon the same terms which may be prescribed for men." 
This gift was made in October. 1S90. but as it was inadequate for the pur- 
poses proposed. Miss Mary E. Garrett, in addition to her previous subscrip- 
tions, offered to the Trustees the sum of 6306.977. which, with other avail- 
able resources, made up the amount of $500,( which had been agreed 
upon as the minimum endowment of the Johns Hopkins Medical School. 
These contributions enabled the Trustees to proceed with the organization 
: - ihool of medicine, which was opened to candidates for the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine in October. 1893. Those who have already re: 
this degree are admitted also to advanced course. 

In addition to the gifts already mentioned, the University has received 
other important benefactions. When its income frcni the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad was cut on. Mr. William W. S| ence proj wed that a number 
of friends of the University should make up. by subscriptions of $5000 
each, an emergency fund to be expended in maintaining the University in 
its normal efficiency. Some subscriptions oi a less amount were received, 
and collectively the sum of / ] was presented to the Trustees in the 

spring of 1889. 

. the - me time Mr. Eugene Levering offered to construct a build- 
ing for the use of the Young Men's Christian Association, at a cost of 
|20,000, and to maintain for a term of years a lectureship on subjects 
related to the work of that association. 

Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Turnbull proposed to endow a memorial lecture- 
ship of Poetry, with an income of $1000 per annum. 

A short time afterwards. Mrs. Caroline Donovan, through the Mayor, 
Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe. gave to the XTniversity one hundred thousand 
dollars for the foundation of a chair of English literature. 

Mr. John W. McCoy, by his last will and testament, presented to the 
University his large and costly collection of books and made the XTniversity 
his residuary legatee. From this estate more than two hundred thousand 
dollars (subject for some years to annuities) has been received, and a con- 
siderable part of this has been expended in the construction of McCoy Hall, 
— an academic structure, much needed by the classes in languages, history 
and philosophy. 

In the year 15S7. Mrs. Adam T. Bruce, of New York, gave the sum of 
$10,000 to found the Bruce Fellowship in memory of her son the late Adam 
T. Bruce, who had been a Fellow and an Instructor. 



15 



Kecently, Mrs. William E. Woodyear has given the sum of $10,000 to 
found five scholarships as a memorial of her deceased husband. 

Many noteworthy gifts have been received by the Library, — among them 
the library of the late Professor Bluntschli, of Heidelberg, presented in 
1882 by the German citizens of Baltimore, and the Cohen collection of 
Egyptian Antiquities, partly purchased and partly given by the nephews of 
Colonel Mendes I. Cohen, by whom the objects were brought together. 
From the libraries of Drs. Christopher Johnston, Frank Donaldson, F. E. 
Chatard, and J. H. Worthington, important medical books have been re- 
ceived ; from the libraries of Charles J. M; Eaton, N. H. Morison, Nicholas 
Murray, and Charles D. Morris, many valuable historical and literary 
works were presented ; and, besides these local gifts, some very acceptable 
books and manuscripts have been received from the libraries of Jared Sparks, 
George Ticknor, Francis Liebef, J. Caspar Bluntschli, Edouard Laboulaye, 
— gifts which, beyond their intrinsic merits, are valued for their association 
with the distinguished writers to whom they once belonged. 

A few likenesses of departed members of the University have been given 
by their friends, — oil portraits of Johns Hopkins and Judge George Wil- 
liam Brown, a bronze bust of Sidney Lanier, and a marble bust of Professor 
Charles D. Morris. 

In conclusion, the following statistics may be recorded : — 

Summary of Attendance, 1876-93. 



Years. 



1876-77 
1877-78 
1878-79 
1879-80 
1880-81 
1881-82 
1882-83 
1883-84 
1884-85 
1885-86 
1886-87 
1887-88 
1888-89 
1889-90 
1890-91. 
1891-92 
1892-93 





Total 




Matricu- 
lates. 




Degrees Conferred. 


Teachers. 


Enrolled 


Graduates. 


Special. 








Students. 






A. B. 


Ph.D. 


29 


89 


54 


12 


23 






34 


101 


58 


24 


22 


— 


4 


25 


123 


63 


25 


35 


3 


6 


33 


159 


79 


32 


48 


16 


5 


39 


178 


102 


37 


37 


12 


9 


43 


175 


99 


45 


Hi 


15 


9 


41 


204 


125 


49 


30 


10 


6 


49 


249 


159 


53 


37 


23 


15 


52 


290 


174 


69 


47 


9 


13 


49 


314 


184 


96 


34 


31 


17 


51 


378 


228 


108 


42 


24 


20 


57 


420 


231 


127 


62 


34 


27 


55 


394 


216 


129 


49 


36 


20 


58 


404 


229 


130 


45 


37 


33 


66 


468 


276 


141 


51 


50 


28 


65 


547 


337 


140 


70 


41 


37 


72 


551 


347 


13o 


71 


40 


28 



Dated from the Johns Hopkins University, 
December 24, 1893, twenty years from 
the death of its founder. 






i 



